Justice a condition there of is the ideal state of humanity a morally correct state of things and persons. Whether this ideal is possible is an open question. According to most of the many theories of justice, it is overwhelmingly important. For instance, John Rawls claims "Justice is the first virtue of community institution, as truth is of systems of thought. Some theories argue that in the current state of the world, justice is already supreme. Thomas Nagel, for instance, writes, "We live in a justice world."

Most people believe that justice must not be stifled or rejected, and many social and political movements are centered on the premise of global justice. However, the sheer number of different theories of justice suggests that it is not clear exactly what justice is.

This puts philosophers in the the difficult position of thinking that justice is vital, but of not being certain how to distinguish justice from injustice in characters, institutions, actions, or the world as a whole. Additionally, it is unclear whether justice consists in all, some, or any of these categories
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This problem of uncertainty about fundamentals has inspired philosophical reflection about justice, as about other topics. What exactly justice is, and what it demands of us, are among the oldest and most contested of questions. For example, the proper distribution of wealth in society should it be equal? Meritocratic? According to status? Has been fiercely debated for at least the last 2,500 years. Philosopher’s political theorists, theologians, legal scholars and others have attempted to clarify the source, nature and demands of justice, with widely various results.

It is conceivable to picture justice as a virtue — a property of persons, and only derivatively of their actions and the institutions they create; or as a property of actions or institutions, and only derivatively of the persons who bring them about. The source of justice may be thought to be harmony, divine command, natural law, or human creation, or it may be thought to be subordinate to a more central ethical standard. The demands of justice are pressing in two areas, distribution and retribution. Distributive justice may require equality, giving people what they deserve, maximising benefit to the worst off, protecting whatever comes about in the right way, or maximising total welfare. Retributive justice may require backward-looking retaliation, or forward-looking use of punishment for the sake of its consequences. Ideals of justice must be put into practice by institutions, which raise their own questions of legitimacy, procedure, codification and interpretation.
 
 

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