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Justice
a condition there of is the ideal state of humanity
a morally correct state of things and persons. Whether
this ideal is possible is an open question. According
to most of the many theories of justice, it is overwhelmingly
important. For instance, John Rawls claims "Justice
is the first virtue of community institution, as truth
is of systems of thought. Some theories argue that in
the current state of the world, justice is already supreme.
Thomas Nagel, for instance, writes, "We live in
a justice world."
Most people believe that justice must not be stifled
or rejected, and many social and political movements
are centered on the premise of global justice. However,
the sheer number of different theories of justice suggests
that it is not clear exactly what justice is.
This puts philosophers in the the difficult position
of thinking that justice is vital, but of not being
certain how to distinguish justice from injustice in
characters, institutions, actions, or the world as a
whole. Additionally, it is unclear whether justice consists
in all, some, or any of these categories. |
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This problem
of uncertainty about fundamentals has inspired philosophical
reflection about justice, as about other topics. What
exactly justice is, and what it demands of us, are among
the oldest and most contested of questions. For example,
the proper distribution of wealth in society should
it be equal? Meritocratic? According to status? Has
been fiercely debated for at least the last 2,500 years.
Philosopher’s political theorists, theologians,
legal scholars and others have attempted to clarify
the source, nature and demands of justice, with widely
various results.
It is conceivable to picture justice as a virtue —
a property of persons, and only derivatively of their
actions and the institutions they create; or as a property
of actions or institutions, and only derivatively of
the persons who bring them about. The source of justice
may be thought to be harmony, divine command, natural
law, or human creation, or it may be thought to be subordinate
to a more central ethical standard. The demands of justice
are pressing in two areas, distribution and retribution.
Distributive justice may require equality, giving people
what they deserve, maximising benefit to the worst off,
protecting whatever comes about in the right way, or
maximising total welfare. Retributive justice may require
backward-looking retaliation, or forward-looking use
of punishment for the sake of its consequences. Ideals
of justice must be put into practice by institutions,
which raise their own questions of legitimacy, procedure,
codification and interpretation. |
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